At each frontier model release, the training compute (FLOP) of the largest model released in the past year ÷ that of the largest released in the year before it: how many times larger the frontier became in a year.
Frontier models and their compute are Epoch AI's estimates, used under CC BY 4.0. A model Epoch has not estimated is left out.
Changes
No changes since the list date.
Source: Epoch AI, frontier AI models data (CC BY 4.0).
How the frontier training compute growth is built · Indices · The Inference · The Inference