At each frontier model release, the estimated cost of the most expensive training run among models released in the past year, in millions of 2023 US dollars.
Costs are Epoch AI's estimates (CC BY 4.0) of the compute used, priced at the time. A model Epoch has not costed is left out rather than counted as cheap.
Changes
No changes since the list date.
Source: Epoch AI, frontier AI models data (CC BY 4.0).
How the frontier training cost trend is built · Indices · The Inference · The Inference