汽车业遭遇存储芯片短缺,通用汽车付息排队买芯片
AI数据中心吸走了汽车赖以运转的存储芯片供应,通用汽车两手应对:与美光直接签约,再设立一笔45亿美元的预付融资安排,由摩根大通和桑坦德银行支持。如今买方按SOFR(有担保隔夜融资利率)加1.55个百分点借钱,卖方毛利率高达84.6%。
Vincent Jiang · 3 min read
雪佛兰上负责“看路”的芯片,如今要与训练AI模型的GPU争夺晶圆厂产能,车企只能捡云端剩下的。7月1日,通用汽车与美光签署战略客户协议,采购LPDRAM(低功耗DRAM)、NOR闪存和UFS NAND。这些车规级存储芯片支撑着驾驶辅助系统和智能座舱,部分供货来自美光投资20亿美元的弗吉尼亚州马纳萨斯晶圆厂12。第一站是数据中心,The Inference此前在《存储芯片正在吞噬AI热潮》一文中已作梳理。下一站,是装配线。
45亿美元的零部件仓库,藏在报表之外
对冲不止于一纸合同。根据8月7日提交的8-K文件,通用汽车设立了一项规模最高45亿美元的采购融资安排:由摩根大通和桑坦德银行组成的银团提供资金,Procura Auto Parts向供应商预付货款,买入并持有专为通用汽车生产线预留的库存34。
通用汽车以不可撤销的付款承诺向银行担保偿付,该承诺按SOFR加1.55个百分点的年利率计息,最迟于2029年8月6日到期。在零部件用掉之前,这笔预付款不计入调整后汽车业务自由现金流14。
买方借钱,卖方定价
一摞文件,摆出两笔相对照的账:一边是通用汽车按SOFR加1.55个百分点的利率付息,囤着一批不肯说明明细的库存;另一边,刚与之签约的美光每实现1美元收入,就留下85美分135。库存的钱,买方出;库存的价,卖方定。
十六份合同在手,晶圆产能售罄
美光5月季度录得收入414.6亿美元,同比增长346%,毛利率84.6%,并指引9月季度收入约500亿美元56。高带宽内存(HBM)产能已售罄至2026年底6。
美光毛利率十个季度内从18.5%升至84.6%
Data
| GAAP毛利率 | |
|---|---|
| 2024Q1 | 18.5% |
| 2024Q2 | 26.9% |
| 2024Q3 | 35.3% |
| 2024Q4 | 38.4% |
| 2025Q1 | 36.8% |
| 2025Q2 | 37.7% |
| 2025Q3 | 44.7% |
| 2025Q4 | 56% |
| 2026Q1 | 74.4% |
| 2026Q2 | 84.6% |
锁定的远不止通用汽车一家。5月季度前后,美光签下首批多年期战略客户协议,总价值约220亿美元,部分采用固定价格,通用汽车的合同是这16份中的1份26。五天后,福特跟进签下自己的协议;另有7份落在电装、现代摩比斯和高通等汽车行业合作伙伴手中,据信将供货量与价格锁定三至五年79。
上行周期再强,也仍是周期
通用汽车称这笔交易是未雨绸缪,并非针对当前任何供应中断的回应1。标普全球汽车(S&P Global Mobility)仍预计,2026年车用DRAM合约价将较2025年上涨70%至100%;晨星也据此评估这家供应商:“这是一个特别强劲、也特别持久的上行周期,但终究还是一轮周期”16。
买方还有第二扇门:标普全球汽车的数据显示,去年三星在车用存储芯片市场以40%对36%的份额超过美光7。电装此前撤回对罗姆(Rohm)的收购要约,随后罗姆、东芝与三菱电机又就功率芯片业务展开整合谈判,表明全行业都在谋求同样的控制权18。
9月30日见分晓:队伍会否更长
这一切最终是否由购车人买单,目前没有任何信源能够证明;也没有任何证据把DRAM涨价与2027年的新车售价联系起来。美光将于9月30日发布第四财季业绩,关键信号在第一财季指引69。如果售罄状态延续到2027年,通用汽车付着利息排队的这条队伍只会更长,不会更短。
美光营收十个季度内从58亿美元增至415亿美元,9月季度指引约500亿美元
- 营收
- Estimate
Data
| 营收 | |
|---|---|
| 2024Q1 | $5.82B |
| 2024Q2 | $6.81B |
| 2024Q3 | $7.75B |
| 2024Q4 | $8.71B |
| 2025Q1 | $8.05B |
| 2025Q2 | $9.3B |
| 2025Q3 | $11.32B |
| 2025Q4 | $13.64B |
| 2026Q1 | $23.86B |
| 2026Q2 | $41.46B |
| 2026Q3(指引) (estimate) | $50B |
How this brief was made
01Gathered & sourced284 channels · 2,019 articles▾
Agents swept 284 channels and ingested 2,019 articles, then de-duplicated and ranked them for signal.
02Verified & cross-validated9 claims · 30 data feeds▾
Every one of 9 load-bearing claims was checked against primary sources, with 30 live data feeds reconciling the figures and charts.
- 1GCN, "GM locks in Micron chip deal and a $4.5 billion parts reserve to shield production from automotive memory supply pressure", 23 September 2026
- 2Micron Technology press release via GlobeNewswire (Yahoo Finance), "Micron and General Motors Sign Strategic Agreement to Secure Supply and Accelerate Innovation", 1 July 2026
- 3Reuters via U.S. News & World Report, "GM Inks Deal to Guard Against Future Parts-Supply Shocks", 11 August 2026
- 4GCN, "GM locks in $4.5 billion parts deal to guard supply chain against chip shortages and disruptions", 22 August 2026
- 5Sharadar quarterly fundamentals from Micron's SEC filings, retrieved 23 September 2026
- 6AInvest, "Micron Is a Trillion-Dollar Company Now: September 30 Is About Whether the Peak Lasts", 19 September 2026
- 7News18 via MSN, "Micron locks in auto memory deals with Hyundai Mobis, Harman", 18 July 2026
- 8Reuters via Yahoo Finance, "Toyota supplier Denso to withdraw bid for Rohm, Nikkei says", 24 April 2026
- 9Micron Technology investor relations, news releases (Ford agreement, 6 July 2026; fiscal Q4 report date, 30 September 2026), retrieved 23 September 2026
03Reviewed & edited1 human editor▾
One editor read the draft against the evidence, tuned the framing, and signed off before it shipped.
Become a contributor
Reporting on the business of AI and want it read? We take pitches from outside contributors who bring primary sources and a number worth arguing about.
Deepdive
AI-generated from this story and its cited sources. Not investment advice.



