Economy

法国十年期国债收益率2002年以来首破5% 标普评级仍为A+

穆迪今晚将在美股收盘后公布对法国的评级决定,市场预计将下调至A1,与标普全球的A+同级。债券市场则走得更远:法国国债收益率已高于意大利、希腊和美国,达到2002年以来未见的水平。

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Vincent JiangVincent Jiang · 3 min read
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巴黎造币厂内未裁切成单张的50欧元纸币整版
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巴黎造币厂内未裁切的50欧元纸币。法国十年期借款的年利率再度超过5%,为2002年以来首次。

穆迪今晚做决定,市场周四已先行裁决

穆迪−1.55% — 穆迪, down 1.55 percent today今晚格林尼治时间20时公布对法国的例行评级审查结果12。穆迪目前对法国维持Aa3评级,展望自2025年10月起为负面,多数分析师预计将下调至A1——与标普全球−1.01% — 标普全球, down 1.01 percent today已给予法国的A+同级12。若真下调,穆迪将与更早行动的标普和惠誉一致1。

债券市场走得更远,也更快。作为基准国债的法国十年期OAT周四收于5.0799%,创24年新高,也是2002年7月以来首次收于5%上方;相对德国十年期国债(Bund)的利差走阔至174个基点,为2011年以来最大3。

法国十年期借贷成本已高于美国

0%2%4%6%法国(OAT)5.08%2002年以来首次突破5%美国(国债)5%德国(Bund)3.34%
Data
Value
法国(OAT)5.08%
美国(国债)5%
德国(Bund)3.34%
2026年10月22日周四收盘时的十年期主权国债收益率(%)。资料来源:Boursorama行情报告,2026年10月23日。3

受主权债务担忧拖累,法国最大的三家银行——法国巴黎银行、法国兴业银行和法国农业信贷银行——股价下跌2.5%至4.8%不等,欧洲斯托克600银行指数下跌3.49%3。

给债务评级和测出萎缩的,是同一家公司

症结就在一家公司身上。标普全球给法国的评级是A+2。标普全球还运营采购经理人指数(PMI)初值调查,周五公布的数据显示法国商业活动陷入萎缩。综合指数从9月的51.1降至48.4,低于经济学家预期的50.5;该指数低于50即意味着收缩5。企业对未来一年的预期跌至六年半以来最低,与预算之争和2027年大选相关5。

法国十年期借款成本现已高于意大利、希腊和美国,而给法国打出A+评级的,正是测出这场萎缩的同一家公司34。

给AI建设定级的,也是这家公司

周四,由Meta−1.36% — Meta, down 1.36 percent today和特斯拉−0.83% — 特斯拉, down 0.83 percent today领跌的抛售拖累纳斯达克指数下挫2.2%,英飞凌和ASM International跌逾6%3。三天前,标普数字基础设施业务主管马克·哈比卜在伦敦一场圆桌会议上表示:“可以有把握地假设,还有一些(债务)是我们没有看到的”6。

标普预计,亚马逊−0.72% — 亚马逊, down 0.72 percent today、微软+0.64% — 微软, up 0.64 percent today、Alphabet−0.98% — Alphabet, down 0.98 percent today、甲骨文+0.29% — 甲骨文, up 0.29 percent today、Meta和SpaceX+1.86% — SpaceX, up 1.86 percent today到2030年在AI上的投入将超过7万亿美元,且至少到2027年自由现金流都为负;标普今年7月已将甲骨文评级下调至BBB-,但认为不存在迫使更大范围下调评级的“重大脱节”67。

评级跟上之前,谁在买单

A+背后的账摆在明面上:政府债务总额相当于GDP的119%,赤字率超过5%却没有可信的削减方案,2027年预算案的关键节支措施也已被国民议会剔除12。骚乱之后已有超过2000人被捕,巴黎和里昂目前实施宵禁,抗议者已号召周六再度上街18。总统选举将于2027年4月18日和5月2日分两轮举行,民调显示,由玛丽娜·勒庞领衔的极右翼有可能赢得这场选举18。

要么利差错了,要么评级错了

评级与利差之间的落差,本身就是一笔交易。要么,对一个被标普评为A+、穆迪料将跟进至A1的国家而言,174个基点过宽——果真如此,在评级机构公布评估结果之前,法国国债对德国国债的利差和法国银行股就是做空标的;要么,市场已经把法国定价到A级以下——果真如此,评级机构的A级评级本身就是交易。

RBC BlueBay资产管理公司的迈克·贝尔指出了悬崖所在:一旦穆迪、标普和惠誉均将法国评级下调至BBB,受评级限制的基金将被迫抛售法国国债,“到了那一步,局面才真的可能开始变得更难看”1。

接下来的观察点:周六的抗议活动,随后是10月29日的欧洲央行会议,市场已提前消化12月加息预期13。穆迪将于今晚格林尼治时间20时作出决定1。

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