NASA守住了月球着陆器的成本,却守不住时间表

SpaceX所签合同的成本已增加6%,项目进度至少延迟两年。其背后的燃料补给任务需要每六天发射一艘加油船。

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Vincent JiangVincent Jiang · 3 min read
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SpaceX星舰与超重助推器在发射台点火
星舰在第五次试飞中点燃发动机,摄于2024年10月。(图片:Steve Jurvetson, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons)

任务变轨:从登月到近地轨道演示

阿尔忒弥斯III号任务原计划将宇航员重新送上月球。今年2月,NASA将其重新定义为一次近地轨道载人演示任务,并将登月推迟到2028年的阿尔忒弥斯IV号任务1。宇航员仍会飞,只是不登月。

政府实际采购了什么

2021年7月,NASA授予SpaceX一份价值约30亿美元的固定价格合同,用于开发并演示月球着陆器2。固定价格是关键:供应商承担超支风险,款项仅在里程碑达成后支付。如今,该供应商已于6月上市,发行价为每股135美元9

成本控制有效,时间约束失效

根据NASA自身的审计,该合同成本已增加6%。项目进度也已延误至少两年,且监察长预计延误还会加剧2。纳税人免于承担成本超支,却无法免受进度拖延的影响。

固定价格合同转移了资金风险,但转移不了物理定律。

登月背后的算术题

星舰无法一次加满燃料飞到月球。NASA的报告描述,需在近地轨道部署一个燃料仓库,由超过10艘加油船进行加注。燃料储备工作要在宇航员发射前200多天开始,SpaceX的目标是实现每六天发射一艘加油船,直至仓库充满2

柱状图显示星舰发射平均间隔天数:2023年为182天,2024年为91天,2025年为73天,2026年至今为128天。图中标有一条表示月球着陆器所需六天加油船发射频率的水平线。
三年半内发射了13次,而计划要求未来数月内每六天发射一次。数据来源:截至2026年9月14日的公开发射记录;NASA监察长办公室,2026年3月。

解锁所有后续环节的里程碑,是完成两个航天器之间的低温推进剂转运,该项目称此为其供应商面临的最棘手问题之一。该测试原定于2025年3月进行,后推迟至2026年3月。在7月的第十三次飞行后7(这也是公司上市后的首次飞行),测试仍未进行2,3,8,10

进度延误属行业常态?

复杂航天器项目延误是常事。同样这份记录了延误的审计报告也指出,这种合同方式帮助NASA在两个供应商那里都将成本增长几乎控制为零2。替代方案未必更快:NASA重新开放了竞标,而竞争对手计划使用的火箭已在5月爆炸4。埃隆·马斯克辩称,燃料补给的预估过于悲观,因为即使着陆器未完全加满燃料,也能完成任务5

这一辩解回答了成本问题,但发射频率的问题依然悬而未决。

下一步关注点

第14次飞行计划于9月22日进行,将搭载星链卫星入轨6。关键不在于这次能否飞成,而在于两艘星舰是否曾实现对接并转移推进剂,以及下一次发射在多久之后升空。

登月如今是一个发射频率问题,而非火箭问题。

How this brief was made

01Gathered & sourced362 channels · 2,337 articles

Agents swept 362 channels and ingested 2,337 articles, then de-duplicated and ranked them for signal.

02Verified & cross-validated10 claims · 34 data feeds

Every one of 10 load-bearing claims was checked against primary sources, with 34 live data feeds reconciling the figures and charts.

  1. 1NASA Artemis III mission profile, revised Feb 27 2026 (primary record: Artemis III redesignated a crewed low Earth orbit demonstration, landing moved to Artemis IV in 2028).
  2. 2NASA Office of Inspector General, ‘NASA’s Management of the Human Landing System Contracts’, IG-26-004, Mar 2026 (primary record: ~$3B firm-fixed-price award Jul 2021; 6% cost growth; delay of at least 2 years; more than 10 tankers; propellant aggregation beginning more than 200 days before crew launch; one tanker flight targeted every 6 days; the vehicle-to-vehicle cryogenic transfer test slipped from Mar 2025 to Mar 2026).
  3. 3Space Daily, 2026 (no large-scale orbital propellant transfer attempted as of the thirteenth flight in July 2026; single-source technical summary).
  4. 4Spaceflight Now, Jun 4 2026 (NASA urging an alternative launcher for Blue Origin's landers after the New Glenn failure; independent trade coverage).
  5. 5Wccftech, 2026 (Musk disputing the 16-launch refuelling figure, arguing a partly refuelled lander suffices; company-claimed, via trade coverage).
  6. 6Space Launch Schedule, accessed Sep 14 2026 (Flight 14 targeted for Sep 22 2026, third flight of Starship V3, first to deploy Starlink satellites into a stable orbit; a schedule, not a result).
  7. 7Public launch record of Starship integrated flight tests, accessed Sep 14 2026 (2 flights in 2023, 4 in 2024, 5 in 2025, 2 through September 2026; 13 flights with 8 successes and 5 failures).
  8. 8Spaceflight Now, Jul 25 2026 (Flight 13 mostly successful: booster lost on landing burn, ship survived splashdown intact; independent trade coverage).
  9. 9CNBC, Jun 12 2026 (SpaceX shares priced at $135 and closed the first day at $161; market report).
  10. 10CNBC, Jul 24 2026 (first Starship test flight after the listing; independent coverage).
03Reviewed & edited1 human editor

One editor read the draft against the evidence, tuned the framing, and signed off before it shipped.

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