英伟达为OpenAI俄亥俄州园区提供最高1050亿美元担保;CoreWeave债券隐含违约概率近63%

英伟达自家文件披露:对新云企业360亿美元的兜底承诺、对OpenAI俄亥俄州园区最高1050亿美元的担保、最高1250亿美元的残值担保承诺;与此同时,其最大"新云"客户的债务违约保险隐含63%的违约概率。信用市场已在为担保人代偿的情形定价。

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Vincent JiangVincent Jiang · 4 min read
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2025年4月,东京,英伟达首席执行官黄仁勋(左四)将装入相框的签名英伟达系统赠予日本首相石破茂,两侧站着官员。
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2025年4月,东京,英伟达首席执行官黄仁勋(左四)在礼节性拜会日本首相石破茂时,向对方赠送一台装框的签名英伟达系统。英伟达售出的芯片,正是其担保账本的底层抵押品。

上周,CoreWeave−2.97% — CoreWeave, down 2.97 percent today股价一度下挫8.3%,跌至2025年5月以来的最低点。触发这轮下跌的不是财报,而是债券市场3。CoreWeave是对外出租AI算力的"新云"(neocloud)企业中规模最大的一家,获得了英伟达−0.54% — 英伟达, down 0.54 percent today的投资。其今年4月发行的债券收益率在15%上下,成交价约为每1美元面值79.15美分;相关债务的违约保险成本升至约1000个基点,这一利差意味着五年内违约概率接近63%,而一年前约为30%3。

CoreWeave是英伟达第二大投资标的,而英伟达如今的整体战略正押在这类公司身上3。支撑这一战略的各项担保,英伟达已在自家文件中披露。

担保人的账本,写在自家文件里

过去一年,英伟达一直在悄悄为客户背书,做出无人计入债务的担保。根据其7月提交的文件:为新云企业提供360亿美元表外兜底承诺;对OpenAI$500B — OpenAI, private, latest valuation $500B拟建的10吉瓦俄亥俄州园区,就芯片、土地与电力提供最高1050亿美元担保;另有200亿美元数据中心租约,由英伟达以承租人身份签署、留待日后转让1。

最大的一笔出现在8月:表外承诺总额超过5000亿美元,多数将于2029财年及之前到期,其中包括就GPU融资向六家资产管理公司承诺的最高1250亿美元残值担保1。金融研究机构New Constructs估计,这些负债在2026财年的净现值超过1530亿美元,一年间增加逾1000亿美元,是英伟达上半年700亿美元自由现金流的两倍多1。

英伟达点名的三笔担保合计2660亿美元

$0B$50B$100B$150B新云兜底承诺$36BOpenAI俄亥俄州园区担保$105BGPU残值担保$125B
Data
Value
新云兜底承诺$36B
OpenAI俄亥俄州园区担保$105B
GPU残值担保$125B
据CNBC报道,图为英伟达2026年7月和8月文件披露的担保上限,单位为美元。三笔点名担保均包含在超过5000亿美元的表外承诺之内。1

只有借款人倒下,担保人才掏钱

这些担保均为或有负债,而这正是全部论据所在。只有借款人违约,英伟达才需付款;OpenAI若交存自有抵押品,或取得足够高的信用评级,该项担保即告终止1。因此,这本担保账本的定价依据不是英伟达5万亿美元的市值,而是借款人本身1。

CoreWeave目前背负约500亿美元债务,预计今年在接近130亿美元的收入下仍将亏损21.3亿美元,债券收益率已超过通常预示财务困境的水平3。而这还是在英伟达承诺于2032年4月13日之前买下CoreWeave全部未售算力的情况下发生的3。黄仁勋给出的答案是需求:他在斯德哥尔摩对记者表示,CoreWeave的"财务实力每天都在改善",资本成本"实际上正在下降";本周在柏林,他又称"新云"需求"爆表"31。

CoreWeave债务六个季度增至五倍,收入增至三倍

  • 收入
  • 总债务
$0B$20B$40B$60B2024Q42025Q12025Q22025Q32025Q42026Q12026Q2$51.61B
Data
收入总债务
2024Q4$0.75B$10.62B
2025Q1$0.98B$11.9B
2025Q2$1.21B$14.56B
2025Q3$1.37B$18.81B
2025Q4$1.57B$29.82B
2026Q1$2.08B$35.15B
2026Q2$2.58B$51.61B
图为CoreWeave在美国证券交易委员会(SEC)文件中披露的季度收入与总债务,单位为美元。2026年第二季度末债务达516亿美元,与该公司目前背负的约500亿美元相符。4

真正有争议的数字,是芯片价值

9月25日,埃隆·马斯克对分析师埃德·齐特龙(Ed Zitron)的一项估算回复了"有趣":齐特龙估计,AI芯片销售额中约有一半、即2000亿至3000亿美元甚至更多,仍躺在仓库里,数据中心的建设进度则比英伟达提前交付芯片的节奏落后了好几年2。若转售价跌破英伟达担保的残值,英伟达就得掏钱。反之,若芯片保值——正如信用评级机构穆迪−1.55% — 穆迪, down 1.55 percent today近期内很可能预期的那样——这本担保账本大部分到期时将一文不值1。

市场已经用股票投了票:10月以来,CoreWeave、Nebius−0.89% — Nebius, down 0.89 percent today和IREN−2.78% — IREN, down 2.78 percent today均下跌至少30%,英伟达也跌去7.6%,正走向2025年11月以来最差的单月表现1。研究机构高德纳(Gartner)−1.77% — 高德纳(Gartner), down 1.77 percent today则在下方垫了一个底:到2030年,约80%的"新云"公司可能倒闭,逾3.5万亿美元的AI支出面临减值3。

盯住利差,还有一个触发点

CoreWeave首席执行官迈克·因特拉托尔(Mike Intrator)在路透社看到的一份备忘录中对员工表示,公司在手订单对债务义务的覆盖"绰绰有余"3。也许吧。但同一周创纪录的看跌期权买盘表明,投资者正在为相反的情形对冲3。

在任何一笔违约落到资产负债表上之前,信用利差就是英伟达这本保险账本最先被计价的地方。能了结这场争论的是一个触发事件,而非市场报价:OpenAI提交抵押品,或取得足以终止英伟达1050亿美元担保的信用评级,又或是第一笔转售价低于担保残值的GPU交易出现1。且看哪一个先落地。

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