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OpenAI公布97.9% COBOL翻译成绩后,IBM交出首份季报:大型机降20%,计费软件增9%

自OpenAI公布97.9%的COBOL翻译成绩以来,IBM交出首份季报,这场争论就此一分为二:大型机硬件收入下滑20%,但向银行收取运行数十年前交易代码费用的软件业务增长9%,IBM还上调了全年现金流预期。

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Vincent JiangVincent Jiang · 3 min read
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IBM首席执行官阿尔温德·克里希纳(Arvind Krishna,右)在2025年西南偏南(South by Southwest)大会上与CNBC的乔恩·福特(Jon Fortt)交谈
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2025年3月,IBM首席执行官阿尔温德·克里希纳(Arvind Krishna)出席西南偏南大会。IBM刚交出OpenAI宣称COBOL翻译保真度达97.9%之后的首份季报。

两天前,OpenAI$1.18T — OpenAI, private, latest valuation $1.18T宣称其GPT-6.1模型能翻译COBOL,并称在该实验室自己的迁移测试中,翻译保真度达到97.9%1。这门诞生于上世纪60年代的语言,至今仍运行着银行和政府的交易系统。两天后,IBM−5.36% — IBM, down 5.36 percent today交出了可以检验这场争论的首份季度答卷:营收增长5%,至171亿美元2;盘后交易中,股价上涨约4%3;公司还上调了全年自由现金流预期,预计增加额超过10亿美元2。

这轮恐慌,股价早有记录

2026年2月23日,OpenAI的竞争对手、AI实验室Anthropic$350B — Anthropic, private, latest valuation $350B宣称,旗下Claude Code工具可以自动化COBOL现代化改造中的探索与分析工作——这类工作过去需要大批顾问投入。IBM股价当天下跌13.2%,创2000年以来最大单日跌幅4。

到6月2日,市场已推翻这一判断:IBM股价当天收于329.23美元,创历史新高5。随后是7月:业绩预警之后,股价单日下跌25%,创有史以来最大单日跌幅;第二季度大型机收入下滑42%,全年增长指引降至4%至5%56。

营收增速曾在7月当季停滞于1%,今晚出现反弹

0%5%10%15%2023Q32024Q12024Q32025Q12025Q32026Q12026Q3业绩预警当季:Z下滑42%今晚财报
Data
营收同比增速
2023Q34.6%
2023Q44.1%
2024Q11.5%
2024Q21.9%
2024Q31.5%
2024Q41%
2025Q10.5%
2025Q27.7%
2025Q39.1%
2025Q412.1%
2026Q19.5%
2026Q21.1%
2026Q34.7%
总营收同比增速,按IBM各季度财报整理;2026年三季度数据来自今日发布的财报。Z系列下滑42%的数据出自CNBC对7月当季的报道。3,6,8

逐条业务线看分歧

多空双方各拿到一列数据。实验室声称能够取代的大型机IBM Z,本季营收下滑20%2。靠运行老系统向银行计费的各条业务线却在增长:负责运行数十年历史交易代码的交易处理(Transaction Processing)软件同比增长9%,扭转了上季度意外下滑的势头;数据(Data)业务增长19%;IBM旗下的Linux与混合云软件部门红帽增长11%23。分布式基础设施(Distributed Infrastructure)是为AI数据中心供货的服务器产品线,本季大涨31%2。

IBM首席财务官詹姆斯·卡瓦诺(James Kavanaugh)表示,交易处理业务收入中约25%来自此前递延、本季终于成交的交易,其余75%为净新增业务3。他还将IBM全年软件业务增速预期从6%至8%上调至7%至8%3。真正承接迁移工作的咨询业务营收持平2。如果银行真要撤离,这些计费业务线会最先失血。

IBM Z下滑20%,靠老代码向银行计费的业务线却在增长

-20%0%20%40%IBM Z-20%自动化-3%咨询0.2%交易处理9%红帽11%数据19%分布式基础设施31%
Data
Value
IBM Z-20%
自动化-3%
咨询0.2%
交易处理9%
红帽11%
数据19%
分布式基础设施31%
各业务线营收同比增速,来自IBM 2026年10月21日发布的第三季度财报2

两边生意,IBM都做

实验室声称能够“解放”的那些客户仍在付费,而IBM在反方论点上同样有钱可赚:它自研的COBOL转Java工具watsonx Code Assistant for Z,就部署在OpenAI模型想要清空的同一批存量系统里1。按经营口径计算的每股收益(Operating EPS)为2.95美元,好于市场预期的2.86美元;按美国通用会计准则(GAAP)计算的净利润为21.9亿美元,则不及预期的23.4亿美元237。现金流预期的上调,依据是财报新闻稿中所称的IBM内部生产力提升举措;卡瓦诺称,这些举措正在拉动利润和自由现金流增长2。

电话会前,看空者握有哪些筹码

OpenAI的测试只覆盖孤立的程序;真正让银行迁移举步维艰的复制簿(copybook)、作业流(job stream)和CICS事务环境,都不在测试之列1。高德纳(Gartner)+0.47% — 高德纳(Gartner), up 0.47 percent as of its last quote预计,2026年启动的大型机退出项目中,超过70%将无法兑现预期收益1。摩根士丹利−1.87% — 摩根士丹利, down 1.87 percent as of its last quote则认为,大型机周期正处于艰难阶段,第四季度会更加难熬7。

财报电话会将于美东时间今晚5点开始22。有两个看点:75%的净新增业务占比能否延续到第四季度3;是否有银行把基准测试得分变成签字生效的大型机退出协议。在那之前,实打实的凭据仍握在IBM手里。

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