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SpaceX洽谈接入美国8万个基站站址:Crown Castle涨9%,AT&T、Verizon、T-Mobile齐跌

据彭博社报道,SpaceX正洽谈接入美国至少8万个基站站址,这是打造第四家全国性运营商的地面一半。铁塔补上了卫星覆盖与城市容量之间的缺口,而周四晚间的盘面已提前宣判:房东是赢家,三大运营商是目标。

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Richard TangRichard Tang · 4 min read
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2025年2月,埃隆·马斯克头戴深色帽子、抱着儿子站在椭圆形办公室
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2025年2月,埃隆·马斯克在椭圆形办公室。据彭博社报道,他旗下的SpaceX正洽谈接入美国至少8万个基站站址。

据彭博社周四晚间报道,SpaceX−8.40% — SpaceX, down 8.40 percent today正洽谈接入全美至少8万个基站站址,谈判对象包括美国最大的铁塔运营商之一Crown Castle+9.97% — Crown Castle, up 9.97 percent today 1。全美在用的专门建造通信铁塔共15.85万座,这一数字约占一半 2。

单靠卫星,从来就撑不起一家运营商:地面网络才是缺失的一环,而SpaceX正要从现有运营商自己的房东手中租下这张网络 1。目前尚未签署任何协议。但盘后行情已率先重新定价:AT&T+0.36% — AT&T, up 0.36 percent today、Verizon0.00% — Verizon, unchanged today和T-Mobile跌幅在4.2%至5%之间 2;Crown Castle大涨9%,同为美国最大铁塔运营商之一的美国铁塔(American Tower)+6.95% — 美国铁塔(American Tower), up 6.95 percent today上涨5% 3。SpaceX自身周四也卷入更大范围的科技股抛售,收跌约9%,股价在145美元附近 4。这份报道公布后,其盘后股价仅上涨1.4% 3。

卫星做不到的,铁塔做得到

目前经由T-Mobile−1.14% — T-Mobile, down 1.14 percent today销售的卫星电话服务T-Satellite由约650颗卫星支撑,速率约4 Mbps:它是为短信和信号盲区提供覆盖的一层,而非能承载一座城市流量的网络 5。SpaceX提交给美国联邦通信委员会(FCC)的文件也不回避物理规律,称部署“将依靠无线电设备向铁塔、屋顶及其他构筑物上的扇区天线馈送信号” 5。卫星行业分析师蒂姆·法勒(Tim Farrar)从外部得出同样结论:城市地区要实现可靠的楼宇信号穿透,需要一张规模庞大、造价高昂的地面铁塔网络 5。

频谱跑在铁塔前面

频谱的进展快过地面铁塔。SpaceX正在从私募投资公司Grain Management手中收购800 MHz低频段频谱,该公司此前从T-Mobile买下这批频段,这笔收购我们本周早些时候已作报道;不过,频谱转让给SpaceX仍需FCC批准 5。这一频段能够穿透墙体,FCC也已批准1.5万颗下一代卫星,并为SpaceX以零售无线服务商的身份参与竞争扫清了道路 5。

另一笔约200亿美元的频谱收购来自EchoStar−6.35% — EchoStar, down 6.35 percent today——预付费运营商Boost Mobile的母公司——交易要到2027年11月才能交割,在那之前SpaceX无法使用这批频谱 5。研究机构TD Cowen估算,从零开始新建一张全国性地面网络的成本超过800亿美元 2。

填补缺口:租比建快

跨过这道缺口的最快路径,其实早已立在那里。DISH曾建起一张全国性5G网络,随后弃用,设备至今留在铁塔站址上 6。Crown Castle首席执行官克里斯·希拉布兰特(Chris Hillabrant)把这套现成设施称作“行业作弊码”,首席财务官苏尼特·帕特尔(Sunit Patel)则指出,DISH当年花了大约四年才把这张网建起来 6。美国银行+0.63% — 美国银行, up 0.63 percent today分析师迈克尔·芬克(Michael Funk)在周三的财报电话会议上粗略估计,可用的服务要到2029年才能推出 6。

希拉布兰特拒绝透露租户名单,但表示Crown Castle正在与“所有相关方”洽谈;他还点出第二重利好:现有运营商为抵御新进入者而加大投入 6。无论走哪条路,推高的都是同一批铁塔的租金。

买单的是SpaceX

彭博社的消息人士称,租约价值可能达到数十亿美元 1。这些账单落在两处:一是第三季度末背负361亿美元债务的资产负债表;二是一项资本开支计划,第四季度指引为350亿至400亿美元,几乎是第三季度开支的两倍,其中大部分流向我们此前称为“公司半壁江山”的AI算力建设 4。

MoffettNathanson分析师朱莉·朱(Julie Zhu)写道,这场财报电话会议放大了“未来几年悬在头顶的巨额资本需求” 4。马斯克的承诺毫不含糊:地面网络建设与频谱“将为星链 Mobile成为美国一家主要移动运营商铺平道路” 3。

四季度资本支出指引接近翻倍,而铁塔租约一份都还没签下

  • 资本支出
  • Estimate
$0$10$20$30$402026年一季度2026年二季度2026年三季度2026年四季度(指引)$19.6铁塔租约开支还会叠加在上面
Data
资本支出
2026年一季度$10.1
2026年二季度$18.4
2026年三季度$19.6
2026年四季度(指引) (estimate)$37.5 ($35–40)
SpaceX季度资本支出(单位:十亿美元)。2026年第一、二季度数据来自向SEC提交的文件;第三季度为已披露数据,第四季度350亿至400亿美元的指引来自财报报道。4,7

能否成为运营商,取决于三道关口

盯文件,别盯盘面。第一道关口,是FCC放行SpaceX与Grain Management之间的频谱转让,低频段频谱由此到手 5。第二道,是签署铁塔租约或Crown Castle披露租户,把谈判变成实际建设 6。第三道,是EchoStar交易2027年11月交割,它决定着零售业务上线所需的中频段容量 5。在任何一道关口打开之前,任何服务上线时间都只是押在本十年后期的猜测;而把卫星公司变成第四家运营商的,是第一份签下的租约,不是下一次盘后波动。

What happens next

T

Whether SpaceX gains the mid-band capacity a retail launch needs

The case for

A fourth national tenant plus harder defensive spending by incumbents both raise rent on the same Crown Castle and American Tower towers.

The case against

Nothing is signed, and the EchoStar mid-band spectrum a retail launch needs cannot be used before November 2027.

  1. November 2027EchoStar spectrum purchase closes.

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